Based On Direction.
On the basis of direction,Communication is classified as:
1.Upward Communication -
Information needed to make decision, such as sale data and employees surveys, is generated by those at lower level in the organisation. This information then fed to those at the higher level, where it is used to make decisions about future event.
Upward Communication is not always channelled through each level of the hierarchy. It also occurs when, for example, the head of advertising bypasses his or her superior, the vice president of marketing, and goes straight to the president.
Although there is not a formal hierarchical relationship between the two level on the chart, this type of communication occurs in many organisation and is often encouraged.
Relying too much on the Upward communication pattern has disadvantages. When they do not get feedback from the top, employees at lower level feel cut off from the decision the market. They are not informed ot how their information has been pursued. Too much Upward communication can also overburden manager and supervisors, who find their time taken up the matters that the could handled more effectively by their subordinates.
2. Downward Communication -
Sharing information with lower-level employees boosts morale, especially when it is used to explain management's actions before they occur. When message flow easily from top to bottom, employees feel that they appreciate knowing management's reasoning.
Downward communication is valuable for letting people know the result of management decision that affect them in some way. Sharing information encourages people at all levels to participate in decision making. This, in turn, helps to promote team spirit, which is vital to productivity. In addition, most people operate best when they know their boundaries. Most employees like to know what the rules are and the information require to do their job. However, there is a danger that too many directives from upper level management could lower level employee feel resentful.
Although downwards communication is generally positive, sometimes it is not advised. Sensitive issues such as company buy out, take overs, plans for large-scale layoffs, terminations of individuals, grievance information, and so on must sometimes be capt secret. Some information can only be released after critical; management decisions have been made upper-level managers must weight the benefits and pitfalls of having everyone in the organisations know specific information before deciding to release information to lower level employees.
3.Horizontal Communication -
Horizontal communications may be oral/written. Its purpose is mainly to exchange information which concerns two or more departments, The quality of Horizontal communications is larger at higher level of authorities; the clerks in one departments may have no direct contact with the clerks in another departments,but the heads of the departments have; selection manager have closer contacts, and the highest level manager have to be in constant consolation and communication with one another.
4. Diagonal Communication -
The transfer of information between people who are neither in the same
department nor on the same level of organisational hierarchy is called diagonal communication, i.e., it refers to the interchange of messages among the managers located at different levels of hierarchy and outside the direct chain of command. For example, when the assistant marketing manager communicates with the accounts clerk directly or vice president (finance) may request to furnish information, report etc. on the sales subject direct to him instead of passing through regular and routine lengthy channels, diagonal flow of communication short-circuits the rigid chain of command.
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